The Slate Landscape of Northwest Wales - UK

The Slate Landscape of Northwest Wales illustrates the transformation that industrial slate quarrying and mining brought about in the traditional rural environment of the mountains and valleys of the Snowdon massif. 

The territory, extending from mountain-top to sea-coast, presented opportunities and constraints that were used and challenged by the large-scale industrial processes undertaken by landowners and capital investors, which reshaped the agricultural landscape into an industrial centre for slate production during the Industrial Revolution (1780-1914). 

The serial property comprises six components each encompassing relict quarries and mines, archaeological sites related to slate industrial processing, historical settlements, both living and relict, historic gardens and grand country houses, ports, harbours and quays, and railway and road systems illustrating the functional and social linkages of the relict slate industrial landscape. 

The property was internationally significant not only for the export of slates, but also for the export of technology and skilled workers from the 1780s to the early 20th century. 

It played a leading role in the field and constituted a model for other slate quarries in different parts of the world. 

It offers an important and remarkable example of interchange of materials, technology and human values.

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Preah Vihear

Preah Vihear is a province of Cambodia. 

It borders the provinces of Oddar Meanchey and Siem Reap to the west, Kampong Thom to the south, and Stung Treng to the east. 

The northern border is part of Cambodia's international border with Thailand and Laos. 

The capital is Preah Vihear.

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The Porticoes of Bologna - Italy

The serial property comprises twelve component parts consisting of ensembles of porticoes and their surrounding built areas, located within the Municipality of Bologna from the 12th century to the present. 

These portico ensembles are considered to be the most representative among city’s porticoes, which cover a total stretch of 62 km. 

Some of the porticoes are built of wood, others of stone or brick, as well as reinforced concrete, covering roads, squares, paths and walkways, either on one or both sides of a street. 

The property includes porticoed buildings that do not form a structural continuum with other buildings and therefore are not part of a comprehensive covered walkway or passage. 

The porticoes are appreciated as sheltered walkways and prime locations for merchant activities. 

In the 20th century, the use of concrete allowed the replacement of the traditional vaulted arcades with new building possibilities and a new architectural language for the porticoes emerged, as exemplified in the Barca district. 

Together, the selected porticoes reflect different typologies, urban and social functions and chronological phases. 

Defined as private property for public use, the porticoes have become an expression and element of Bologna’s urban identity.

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Akashi-Kaikyo Bridge

The Akashi-Kaikyo Bridge is a suspension bridge that connects the city of Kobe to the island of Awaji in Japan. 

The bridge was completed in 1998 and cost $4.3 billion. 

The bridge is 3909.9 m long and is built of steel.

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The Great Spa Towns of Europe

This transnational serial property comprises eleven spa towns, located in seven European countries: Baden bei Wien (Austria); Spa (Belgium); Františkovy Lázně; Karlovy Vary; Mariánské Lázně (Czechia); Vichy (France); Bad Ems; Baden-Baden; Bad Kissingen (Germany); Montecatini Terme (Italy); and City of Bath (United Kingdom). 

All of these towns developed around natural mineral water springs. 

They bear witness to the international European spa culture that developed from the early 18th century to the 1930s, leading to the emergence of grand international resorts that impacted urban typology around ensembles of spa buildings such as baths, kurhaus and kursaal (buildings and rooms dedicated to therapy), pump rooms, drinking halls, colonnades and galleries designed to harness the natural mineral water resources and to allow their practical use for bathing and drinking. 

Related facilities include gardens, assembly rooms, casinos, theatres, hotels and villas, as well as spa-specific support infrastructure. 

These ensembles are all integrated into an overall urban context that includes a carefully managed recreational and therapeutic environment in a picturesque landscape. 

Together, these sites embody the significant interchange of human values and developments in medicine, science and balneology.

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Maranhão

Maranhão is one of the 26 states of Brazil. 

The state with the standard abbreviation MA has an area of ​​approximately 331,937 km² and is located in the Northeast region. 

Maranhão borders the Atlantic Ocean to the north and the states of Piauí to the east, Tocantins to the southwest and Pará to the northwest.

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Sudanese style mosques in northern Côte d’Ivoire

The eight Sudanese-style mosques located in Tengréla, Kouto, Sorobango, Samatiguila, Nambira, Kong, and Kaouara are characterized by earthen construction, projecting frameworks, vertical buttresses crowned with pottery or ostrich eggs, and high or low minarets in the form of a truncated pyramid. 

They present an interpretation of an architectural style that originated between the 12th and 14th centuries in the city of Djenné, which was then part of the Mali Empire and whose prosperity came from the trade of gold and salt across the Sahara to North Africa. 

It is especially from the 15th century that this style spread southwards, from the desert regions to the Sudanese savannah, adopting lower forms with stronger buttresses, to meet the requirements of a more humid climate. 

These mosques are the best preserved of the twenty that have survived in Côte d'Ivoire, out of several hundred that still existed at the beginning of the 20th century. 

The Sudanese style that characterizes these mosques, and which is unique to the savannah region of West Africa, developed between the eleventh and nineteenth centuries, when Islamic merchants and scholars spread southward from the Mali Empire, extending the trans-Saharan trade routes into the woodlands. 

The mosques are not only very important physical evidence of the trans-Saharan trade that fostered the expansion of Islam and Islamic culture, but are also a tangible expression of the fusion of two architectural forms that have endured over time: the Islamic form practiced by the Arab-Berbers and that of the indigenous animist communities.

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